Separate the date from volume and issue by a semicolon. Periods also follow article and journal title and volume or issue information. List authors in the order in which they appear in the original text, followed by a period. For example, if a work by Zielinski is number 56 in the reference list, each in-text reference to Zielinski will be number 56 also. Numbers assigned to the end references are used for the in-text references regardless of the sequence in which they appear in the text of the work. The references are numbered in that sequence, such that a work authored by Adam is number 1, Brown is number 2, and so on. Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title. In citation–name, the end references are listed alphabetically by author. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document. For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. In citation–sequence, the end references are listed in the sequence in which they first appear within the text. In both systems, numbers within the text refer to the end references.
The two systems are identical except for the order of references.
The following examples illustrate the citation–sequence and citation–name systems. For numerous specific examples, see Chapter 29 of the 8th edition of Scientific Style and Format. Consult your publisher to determine which system you will need to follow.Ĭlick on the tabs below for more information and to see some common examples of materials cited in each style, including examples of electronic sources. Though Scientific Style and Format now uses citation–sequence for its own references, each system is widely used in scientific publishing. These end references have essentially the same format in all three systems, except for the placement of the date of publication in the name–year system. The system of in-text references that you use will determine the order of references at the end of your document. They refer to a list of references at the end of the document. These abbreviated references are called in-text references. Scientific Style and Format presents three systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: 1) citation–sequence 2) name–year and 3) citation–name.
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